LoneWolfgang/ericksonian-glossary-multilingual

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Symmetric	A balancing of two sides so that there is equal distribution of mass, sensation or experience.	312
Domino Effect	A behavioral phenomenon in which one small change leads to a series of ongoing changes, thereby reducing the need for lengthy interventions.	83
Leading	A broad technique in which the person in authority directs the behavior of another.	180
Hypnotist	A broad term referring to both licensed professional hypnotherapists and lay performers.	154
Reorientation	A change in perspective or frame of reference.	256
Fixed Stare	A characteristic of trance state that involves a decrease in frequency of the blink reflex along with reduction of attention to surrounding visual cues .	109
Pun	A comical play on words that involves the use of ambiguous or multiple meanings and confusion or unexpected elements.	244
Emotion	A complex feeling state including internal and expressive aspects with psychic, somatic, and behavioral components.	91
Trance Logic	A conclusion reached through literal thinking in the trance state.	356
Symptom	A concrete behavior or somatic event that has become associated with the experience of physical or mental distress.	313
State	A condition of a person with respect to awareness or unawareness.	285
Locus of Control	A construct developed by Julian Rotter (1966) that refers to the extent to which individuals believe that they can, or cannot, control their own life events.	187
Somnambulism	A deep state of trance characterized by a lack of orientation to the immediate environment.	353
Linear Time	A definable sequence of events.	335
State Debate	A difference in theoretical perspectives represented by three schools of thought: a) State Theorists, (e.g., Milton H. Erickson, circa 1940s) who argue that hypnosis results from an altered state of consciousness. b) Neo-dissociationists (e.g., Ernest Hilgard, 1973) who argue that hypnosis results from a splitting of consciousness. c) Socio-cognitive Theorists (e.g., T.X. Barber, 1979) who believe hypnosis is the result of ordinary social influences, such as motivation and expectancy.	286
Double-Bind	A dilemma in communication in which mutually conflicting messages are simultaneously given.	84
Symptom Embellishment	A directive to continue to experience a symptom but with greater frequency, intensity, longer duration or increased complexity of some aspect of the symptom pattern.	219
Symptom Displacement	A directive to intentionally experience the symptom in a new spatial location. Example: Moving an arm paralysis into one finger or moving a phobia into a chair.	218
Symptom Scheduling	A directive to perform a symptom but with changes in the frequency, duration, spatial location, or time of day in which it occurs.	221
Symptom Substitution	A directive to replace a highly debilitating symptom with a new symptom that is fairly innocuous.	222
Paradoxical Intervention	A directive to the client to continue experiencing a symptom in some form or fashion for the purpose of achieving therapeutic results. This technique is most often used to alter behavioral patterns that have proven resistant to change.	215
Depersonalization	A disruption of identity such that a person has the sense of no longer being oneself.	73
Lucid Dream	A dream state in which the subject is actively engaged in the dream, and may be capable of decision-making within the dream.	189
Synergy	A dynamic interactive state between two parties in which the end result is greater than the sum of the parts.	321
Amnesia	A failure of explicit recall for certain events.	9
Limericks	A five line expressive poem with a set pattern of rhyme and rhythm that was used by Milton H. Erickson to offer therapeutic messages.	182
Economy of Movement	A fluid act that involves minimal expenditure of physical energy to complete a change in stance or posture; it is characteristic of trance subjects.	86
Group Trance	A formal or naturalistic hypnotic state that involves a group of people experiencing hypnosis concurrently.	351
Synchronization	A harmonious interactive process of bringing together elements.	320
Hypersuggestibility	A heightened state of subject responsiveness.	131
Confusion Induction	A hypnotic induction technique developed by Milton H. Erickson in which the subject escapes from confusing verbal or physical stimuli by slipping into a trance state.	60
Arm Levitation	A hypnotic induction technique developed by Milton H. Erickson that involves the sensation of one arm becoming lighter.	20
Handshake Induction	A hypnotic induction technique developed by Milton H. Erickson that makes use of the traditional salutatory greeting; the induction involves the use of touch, ambiguous movement, and sudden interruption of habitual behavior sequences to create confusion and response attentiveness.	123
Dual Induction	A hypnotic induction technique in which two hypnotists speak to a single subject either simultaneously or alternately.	85
Post-Hypnotic Suggestion	A hypnotic phenomenon involving a suggestion given during the trance state for some action, thought, or perception that will occur at a later point in time.	306
Deep Trance	A hypnotic state in which the subject is minimally responsive to environmental stimuli and yet fully engaged with the hypnotic operator and intensely focused on suggestions consistent with his or her own belief system.	349
Light Trance	A hypnotic state in which the unconscious mind is attuned to suggestion while the conscious mind remains alert.	352
Hypnotic Amnesia	A limited, non-pathological interruption in recall that may be deliberately induced or occur spontaneously following hypnotic trance events.	136
Anchor	A link between a psychological event (such as resistance, love, symptom occurrence) and some physical stimuli or awareness in the subject’s body (such as a touch on the shoulder, or being in a familiar location) for the purpose of creating a conditioned response.	16
State-Trait	A long standing debate in professional circles regarding whether hypnosis is a state that can be learned by most people or is an inherited capability of only certain people.	290
Multi-Level Communication	A message which simultaneously addresses multiple concerns by using various techniques of expression, such as metaphors, inflections, locus of voice or other indirect techniques that communicate ideas at different levels of interpretation.	201
Symbolic Communication	A method of conveying ideas by means of unconscious associations that have formed around objects or linguistic tools that have multi-layered meanings.	311
Conspicuous Absence	A missing element that one expects to be present.	64
Ericksonian Diamond	A model developed by Jeffrey Zeig (1992) to illustrate Ericksonian strategies. The core elements include: goal setting, tailoring, processing, gift-wrapping and the posture of the clinician.	95
Squaw Peak	A mountain peak in Phoenix, Arizona, visible from Milton H. Erickson’s office. Additional notes: Squaw Peak is one of several inspiring local locations where he often sent students and clients. As one ascends the walking trail up the peak, different views of the surrounding valley are revealed, and the perspective changes. This peak has subsequently been re-named Piestewa Peak.	282
Anecdote	A narration of an interesting or amusing event.	17
Tunnel Vision or Hearing	A narrowing of the sensory field so that peripheral input is minimal and the individual perceives the world as if through a long tunnel.	362
Rapport	A non-romantic interpersonal attachment characterized by strong feelings of appreciation, trust, respect, and compatibility.	247
Pattern Interruption	A partitioning of symptom behavior so that some small part of the behavior sequence can be modified and lead to progressive changes.	226
Catalyst	A person, object or event that stimulates energy, activity and change	42
Rituals	A prescribed set of behaviors that inspire some meaning greater than the practical outcome of the behavior itself.	267
Puzzles	A problem or question expressed in such a way that it initiates a search for new meaning or possibilities.	245
Solution Focused	A problem solving orientation that places emphasis on identifying a person’s strengths and experiential learning so that these might be applied to problem resolution.	278
Therapist	A professional trained to assist others in coping with mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.	330
Age Regression or Age Progression	A pseudo orientation technique in which the individual experiences him or herself as older or younger than outside of trance	4
Amplifier	A psychological mechanism that enhances the felt effects of an immediate experience. Additional notes: A practical example would be scaling a symptom and asking the client to experience this symptom with greater intensity, followed by lower intensity.	14
Utilization	A psychotherapeutic strategy developed by Milton H. Erickson that engages established habits, beliefs, perceptions, symptoms, or resistances in service of problem resolution or trance induction.	365
Symptom Scaling	A rating scale to communicate the intensity of symptoms.	317
Rigidity	A reduction in adaptive capacity due to inflexibility.	265
Collaboration	A relationship established for problem-solving purposes in which all participants are actively engaged and treated as valuable contributors.	52
Reframing	A reorientation to new meanings or interpretation of a particular event.	253
Prescribing Resistance	A resistant client is intentionally directed to resist the influence of the therapist or hypnotherapist.	217
Auto-suggestion	A self-directed suggestion.	31
Insight	A sense of a new awareness or understanding that sometimes accompanies new learning.	170
Dissociation	A sense of feeling apart from one aspect of the self, yet still connected to a distinct self-identity.	78
Synesthesia	A sensory experience is realized in another modality.	322
Yes-Set	A series of statements or questions, typically three or more, designed to elicit a “yes” response so that subsequent questions are more likely to be accepted.	372
Neuro-linguistic Program (NLP)	A series of techniques developed by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in the 1970s that evaluate and apply linguistic patterns for the purpose of enhancing or affecting communications and modeling expertise.	205
Cue	A signal or stimulus used to guide the subject.	70
Trauma	A significantly distressing experience or event that may precipitate or aggravate a mental or physical disorder.	359
Diffusion	A spread of information, knowledge or perception.	74
Arousal	A state of heightened physiological activity, expectation or readiness to respond in which integration or resolution typically takes place.	21
Readiness	A state of preparedness to act or respond to a stimulus or suggestion.	250
Truism	A statement of undeniable fact.	360
Time Expansion	A subjective experience of events occurring slower than clock time.	340
Time Compression	A subjective sensation of an event occurring faster than clock time.	339
Taking Over	A suggestion for action that is imminent or already occurring.	308
Symptom Prescription	A suggestion to continue the symptom as a necessary behavior while perhaps adding specific applications.	220
Attitude	A summary evaluation, view or expression of an object, event, or set of ideas, that carries a positive or negative value.	25
Metaphor	A symbolic reference or parallel in which one topic is used to illuminate another. This includes anecdotes, analogies, stories, puns, riddles, jokes, and idiomatic phrases.	193
Confusion Technique	A technique developed by Milton H. Erickson to surmount resistance and increase responsiveness to subsequent suggestion.	61
Ideomotor Signaling	A technique discovered by Milton H. Erickson and Leslie LeCron (1954) and developed further by David Cheek (1994) for communication with the unconscious mind by means of gesture, usually a finger or hand signal .	157
Hook	A technique of capturing the subject's attention and interest in a particular problem or task; also, what the subject values.	126
Formal Trance	A technique of hypnotic induction with a clearly defined beginning and end.	350
My Friend John Technique	A technique of indirect suggestion in which the therapist describes a condition in a fictitious person (“John”) that serves as a metaphor for the listener.	202
Normalizing	A technique that reorients the client to a symptom so that it no longer seems pathological or abnormal.	208
Locus of Voice	A technique used by Milton H. Erickson in which physical positioning of the speaker is used to alter the response to the message.	188
Confusion	A temporary destabilization of conscious tracking caused by disrupted orientation to time, place, person, or the meaning of events.	59
Patient	A term commonly used by the medical community to refer to the recipient of services. Additional notes: In psychotherapy the term “client” is more commonly used.	225
Sleep	A term historically used to indicate sustained involvement in a hypnotic trance.	276
Hypnotherapist	A term that identifies a licensed professional therapist who has been trained in the use of hypnotic techniques and integrates the use of hypnosis into therapeutic practice.	155
Hypnoidal State	A term used by André Weitzenhoffer (1921-2005) to describe the state preceding hypnotic trance in which there is a sensation of heaviness, relaxation, and increasing suggestibility.	133
Hypnotic Dance	A term used by Carol Kershaw (1992) to explain the unconscious interactive rapport between two people.	141
Unconscious Mind	A term used by Milton H. Erickson to describe the repository of life experiences and capacities not recognized on a conscious level of awareness, including the active natural tendencies for problem-solving, self-preservation, and self-protection.	364
Artificial Somnambulism	A term used by Puységur (1784) to describe the manifestation of spontaneous amnesia and hyper-suggestibility in “magnetized” subjects.	347
Subject	A term used in hypnosis to designate the recipient of Therapeutic Hypnosis.	295
Highly Hypnotizable	A term used to refer to individuals with a talent for easily developing deep trance phenomena.	125
Strategic Therapy	A therapeutic approach described by Jay Haley (1923-2007) in which goal-oriented techniques are used to obtain specific experiential outcomes.	292
Parallel Treatment	A therapeutic approach in which the hypnotherapist uses an indirect focus of attention to offer hypnotic suggestions; the indirect focus may involve an identified subject and a setting that allows other participants to enter into the hypnotic experience, or it may involve attention focused on some other process.	223
Ordeal	A therapeutic assignment in which an aversive task is paired with symptom occurrence in order to decrease the probability of recurrence of symptoms.	213

Symmetric

A balancing of two sides so that there is equal distribution of mass, sensation or experience.

312

Domino Effect

A behavioral phenomenon in which one small change leads to a series of ongoing changes, thereby reducing the need for lengthy interventions.

83

Leading

A broad technique in which the person in authority directs the behavior of another.

180

Hypnotist

A broad term referring to both licensed professional hypnotherapists and lay performers.

154

Reorientation

A change in perspective or frame of reference.

256

Fixed Stare

A characteristic of trance state that involves a decrease in frequency of the blink reflex along with reduction of attention to surrounding visual cues .

109

Pun

A comical play on words that involves the use of ambiguous or multiple meanings and confusion or unexpected elements.

244

Emotion

A complex feeling state including internal and expressive aspects with psychic, somatic, and behavioral components.

91

Trance Logic

A conclusion reached through literal thinking in the trance state.

356

Symptom

A concrete behavior or somatic event that has become associated with the experience of physical or mental distress.

313

State

A condition of a person with respect to awareness or unawareness.

285

Locus of Control

A construct developed by Julian Rotter (1966) that refers to the extent to which individuals believe that they can, or cannot, control their own life events.

187

Somnambulism

A deep state of trance characterized by a lack of orientation to the immediate environment.

353

Linear Time

A definable sequence of events.

335

State Debate

A difference in theoretical perspectives represented by three schools of thought: a) State Theorists, (e.g., Milton H. Erickson, circa 1940s) who argue that hypnosis results from an altered state of consciousness. b) Neo-dissociationists (e.g., Ernest Hilgard, 1973) who argue that hypnosis results from a splitting of consciousness. c) Socio-cognitive Theorists (e.g., T.X. Barber, 1979) who believe hypnosis is the result of ordinary social influences, such as motivation and expectancy.

286

Double-Bind

A dilemma in communication in which mutually conflicting messages are simultaneously given.

84

Symptom Embellishment

A directive to continue to experience a symptom but with greater frequency, intensity, longer duration or increased complexity of some aspect of the symptom pattern.

219

Symptom Displacement

A directive to intentionally experience the symptom in a new spatial location. Example: Moving an arm paralysis into one finger or moving a phobia into a chair.

218

Symptom Scheduling

A directive to perform a symptom but with changes in the frequency, duration, spatial location, or time of day in which it occurs.

221

Symptom Substitution

A directive to replace a highly debilitating symptom with a new symptom that is fairly innocuous.

222

Paradoxical Intervention

A directive to the client to continue experiencing a symptom in some form or fashion for the purpose of achieving therapeutic results. This technique is most often used to alter behavioral patterns that have proven resistant to change.

215

Depersonalization

A disruption of identity such that a person has the sense of no longer being oneself.

73

Lucid Dream

A dream state in which the subject is actively engaged in the dream, and may be capable of decision-making within the dream.

189

Synergy

A dynamic interactive state between two parties in which the end result is greater than the sum of the parts.

321

Amnesia

A failure of explicit recall for certain events.

9

Limericks

A five line expressive poem with a set pattern of rhyme and rhythm that was used by Milton H. Erickson to offer therapeutic messages.

182

Economy of Movement

A fluid act that involves minimal expenditure of physical energy to complete a change in stance or posture; it is characteristic of trance subjects.

86

Group Trance

A formal or naturalistic hypnotic state that involves a group of people experiencing hypnosis concurrently.

351

Synchronization

A harmonious interactive process of bringing together elements.

320

Hypersuggestibility

A heightened state of subject responsiveness.

131

Confusion Induction

A hypnotic induction technique developed by Milton H. Erickson in which the subject escapes from confusing verbal or physical stimuli by slipping into a trance state.

60

Arm Levitation

A hypnotic induction technique developed by Milton H. Erickson that involves the sensation of one arm becoming lighter.

20

Handshake Induction

A hypnotic induction technique developed by Milton H. Erickson that makes use of the traditional salutatory greeting; the induction involves the use of touch, ambiguous movement, and sudden interruption of habitual behavior sequences to create confusion and response attentiveness.

123

Dual Induction

A hypnotic induction technique in which two hypnotists speak to a single subject either simultaneously or alternately.

85

Post-Hypnotic Suggestion

A hypnotic phenomenon involving a suggestion given during the trance state for some action, thought, or perception that will occur at a later point in time.

306

Deep Trance

A hypnotic state in which the subject is minimally responsive to environmental stimuli and yet fully engaged with the hypnotic operator and intensely focused on suggestions consistent with his or her own belief system.

349

Light Trance

A hypnotic state in which the unconscious mind is attuned to suggestion while the conscious mind remains alert.

352

Hypnotic Amnesia

A limited, non-pathological interruption in recall that may be deliberately induced or occur spontaneously following hypnotic trance events.

136

Anchor

A link between a psychological event (such as resistance, love, symptom occurrence) and some physical stimuli or awareness in the subject’s body (such as a touch on the shoulder, or being in a familiar location) for the purpose of creating a conditioned response.

16

State-Trait

A long standing debate in professional circles regarding whether hypnosis is a state that can be learned by most people or is an inherited capability of only certain people.

290

Multi-Level Communication

A message which simultaneously addresses multiple concerns by using various techniques of expression, such as metaphors, inflections, locus of voice or other indirect techniques that communicate ideas at different levels of interpretation.

201

Symbolic Communication

A method of conveying ideas by means of unconscious associations that have formed around objects or linguistic tools that have multi-layered meanings.

311

Conspicuous Absence

A missing element that one expects to be present.

64

Ericksonian Diamond

A model developed by Jeffrey Zeig (1992) to illustrate Ericksonian strategies. The core elements include: goal setting, tailoring, processing, gift-wrapping and the posture of the clinician.

95

Squaw Peak

A mountain peak in Phoenix, Arizona, visible from Milton H. Erickson’s office. Additional notes: Squaw Peak is one of several inspiring local locations where he often sent students and clients. As one ascends the walking trail up the peak, different views of the surrounding valley are revealed, and the perspective changes. This peak has subsequently been re-named Piestewa Peak.

282

Anecdote

A narration of an interesting or amusing event.

17

Tunnel Vision or Hearing

A narrowing of the sensory field so that peripheral input is minimal and the individual perceives the world as if through a long tunnel.

362

Rapport

A non-romantic interpersonal attachment characterized by strong feelings of appreciation, trust, respect, and compatibility.

247

Pattern Interruption

A partitioning of symptom behavior so that some small part of the behavior sequence can be modified and lead to progressive changes.

226

Catalyst

A person, object or event that stimulates energy, activity and change

42

Rituals

A prescribed set of behaviors that inspire some meaning greater than the practical outcome of the behavior itself.

267

Puzzles

A problem or question expressed in such a way that it initiates a search for new meaning or possibilities.

245

Solution Focused

A problem solving orientation that places emphasis on identifying a person’s strengths and experiential learning so that these might be applied to problem resolution.

278

Therapist

A professional trained to assist others in coping with mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

330

Age Regression or Age Progression

A pseudo orientation technique in which the individual experiences him or herself as older or younger than outside of trance

4

Amplifier

A psychological mechanism that enhances the felt effects of an immediate experience. Additional notes: A practical example would be scaling a symptom and asking the client to experience this symptom with greater intensity, followed by lower intensity.

14

Utilization

A psychotherapeutic strategy developed by Milton H. Erickson that engages established habits, beliefs, perceptions, symptoms, or resistances in service of problem resolution or trance induction.

365

Symptom Scaling

A rating scale to communicate the intensity of symptoms.

317

Rigidity

A reduction in adaptive capacity due to inflexibility.

265

Collaboration

A relationship established for problem-solving purposes in which all participants are actively engaged and treated as valuable contributors.

52

Reframing

A reorientation to new meanings or interpretation of a particular event.

253

Prescribing Resistance

A resistant client is intentionally directed to resist the influence of the therapist or hypnotherapist.

217

Auto-suggestion

A self-directed suggestion.

31

Insight

A sense of a new awareness or understanding that sometimes accompanies new learning.

170

Dissociation

A sense of feeling apart from one aspect of the self, yet still connected to a distinct self-identity.

78

Synesthesia

A sensory experience is realized in another modality.

322

Yes-Set

A series of statements or questions, typically three or more, designed to elicit a “yes” response so that subsequent questions are more likely to be accepted.

372

Neuro-linguistic Program (NLP)

A series of techniques developed by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in the 1970s that evaluate and apply linguistic patterns for the purpose of enhancing or affecting communications and modeling expertise.

205

Cue

A signal or stimulus used to guide the subject.

70

Trauma

A significantly distressing experience or event that may precipitate or aggravate a mental or physical disorder.

359

Diffusion

A spread of information, knowledge or perception.

74

Arousal

A state of heightened physiological activity, expectation or readiness to respond in which integration or resolution typically takes place.

21

Readiness

A state of preparedness to act or respond to a stimulus or suggestion.

250

Truism

A statement of undeniable fact.

360

Time Expansion

A subjective experience of events occurring slower than clock time.

340

Time Compression

A subjective sensation of an event occurring faster than clock time.

339

Taking Over

A suggestion for action that is imminent or already occurring.

308

Symptom Prescription

A suggestion to continue the symptom as a necessary behavior while perhaps adding specific applications.

220

Attitude

A summary evaluation, view or expression of an object, event, or set of ideas, that carries a positive or negative value.

25

Metaphor

A symbolic reference or parallel in which one topic is used to illuminate another. This includes anecdotes, analogies, stories, puns, riddles, jokes, and idiomatic phrases.

193

Confusion Technique

A technique developed by Milton H. Erickson to surmount resistance and increase responsiveness to subsequent suggestion.

61

Ideomotor Signaling

A technique discovered by Milton H. Erickson and Leslie LeCron (1954) and developed further by David Cheek (1994) for communication with the unconscious mind by means of gesture, usually a finger or hand signal .

157

Hook

A technique of capturing the subject's attention and interest in a particular problem or task; also, what the subject values.

126

Formal Trance

A technique of hypnotic induction with a clearly defined beginning and end.

350

My Friend John Technique

A technique of indirect suggestion in which the therapist describes a condition in a fictitious person (“John”) that serves as a metaphor for the listener.

202

Normalizing

A technique that reorients the client to a symptom so that it no longer seems pathological or abnormal.

208

Locus of Voice

A technique used by Milton H. Erickson in which physical positioning of the speaker is used to alter the response to the message.

188

Confusion

A temporary destabilization of conscious tracking caused by disrupted orientation to time, place, person, or the meaning of events.

59

Patient

A term commonly used by the medical community to refer to the recipient of services. Additional notes: In psychotherapy the term “client” is more commonly used.

225

Sleep

A term historically used to indicate sustained involvement in a hypnotic trance.

276

Hypnotherapist

A term that identifies a licensed professional therapist who has been trained in the use of hypnotic techniques and integrates the use of hypnosis into therapeutic practice.

155

Hypnoidal State

A term used by André Weitzenhoffer (1921-2005) to describe the state preceding hypnotic trance in which there is a sensation of heaviness, relaxation, and increasing suggestibility.

133

Hypnotic Dance

A term used by Carol Kershaw (1992) to explain the unconscious interactive rapport between two people.

141

Unconscious Mind

A term used by Milton H. Erickson to describe the repository of life experiences and capacities not recognized on a conscious level of awareness, including the active natural tendencies for problem-solving, self-preservation, and self-protection.

364

Artificial Somnambulism

A term used by Puységur (1784) to describe the manifestation of spontaneous amnesia and hyper-suggestibility in “magnetized” subjects.

347

Subject

A term used in hypnosis to designate the recipient of Therapeutic Hypnosis.

295

Highly Hypnotizable

A term used to refer to individuals with a talent for easily developing deep trance phenomena.

125

Strategic Therapy

A therapeutic approach described by Jay Haley (1923-2007) in which goal-oriented techniques are used to obtain specific experiential outcomes.

292

Parallel Treatment

A therapeutic approach in which the hypnotherapist uses an indirect focus of attention to offer hypnotic suggestions; the indirect focus may involve an identified subject and a setting that allows other participants to enter into the hypnotic experience, or it may involve attention focused on some other process.

223

Ordeal

A therapeutic assignment in which an aversive task is paired with symptom occurrence in order to decrease the probability of recurrence of symptoms.

213